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Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) defined as bleeding from the genital tract in the second half of pregnancy, remains a major cause of perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity in the developed world. Fluid Volume Deficit Definition Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid (refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium level) Defining Characteristics: Decreased urine output; increased urine concentration; weakness; sudden weight loss (except in third-spacing); decreased venous filling; increased body temperature; decreased pulse volume/pressure; change in mental state; elevated hematocrit; decreased skin/tongue turgor; dry skin/mucous membranes; thirst; increased pulse rate; decreased blood pressure Nursing Diagnosis for Antepartum Haemorrhage : Fluid Volume Deficit related to excessive vomiting and inadequate inputs (ireneM. Bobak, 1995: 637) Intervention : 1. Rest your clients in a comfortable place. Rationale ...

Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is vaginal bleeding that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. APH complicates 3–5% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of perinatal and maternal mortality worldwide. The common causes of bleeding during pregnancy are cervical ectropion, vaginal infection, placenta praevia, placental edge bleed or placental abruption. It can also be due to local problems with the cervix (such as cervical erosion or a polyp) or vagina (such as a ruptured vein), which are usually less serious. It occurs more often in mothers with pre-eclampsia or high blood pressure. In almost half of all cases, your doctor may not be able to diagnose the exact cause but will need to investigate you nevertheless. Predisposing conditions for a placenta previa are multiparity, multiple pregnancies or a previous caesarean section. The predisposing conditions for abruptio placenta on the other hand, include multiparity, hypertensive disorders, trauma to the maternal abdomen or rarely, a sudd...