Nurses Books

A peptic ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a defect in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum. The main cause of peptic ulcers is a bacterial infection Helicobacter pylori. Other causes include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is consumed in the long term and smoking. Stress and excessive alcohol consumption is not the cause of peptic ulcers, but it can worsen the condition of existing ulcers. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium having properties resistant to gastric acid, live and multiply in drinking water and food hygiene are not handled or cooked properly. Most people infected with Helicobacter pylori peptic ulcers since childhood but new symptoms appear decades later.   Signs and Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer disease: Abdominal Pain: This is the hallmark symptom of peptic ulcer disease. The pain may be described as burning, gnawing, or dull and is typically located in the upper abdomen, often...

Nursing Care Plan for Blighted Ovum Blighted ovum is one of the disorders in pregnancy. Women who are already known to have late period and pregnancy test results are positive, they are not actually pregnant. In these conditions, the expected gestational sac containing the fetus will, it turns out it is empty. Here is a blighted ovum. This condition occurs because the fertilized egg successfully form the placenta and membranes, but failed to form embryos. Allegedly this is the case because of chromosomal abnormalities in the fertilized egg. Blighted ovum usually occurs in the early weeks of pregnancy. To determine a diagnosis, the doctor uses ultrasound examination (ultrasonography). On ultrasound examination, it can be seen that the presence of gestational sac in which it turns out there is no embryo or empty. Positive pregnancy test, because the placenta secretes hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). At first, women feel the symptoms of pregnancy, such as fatigue, fe...

Definition of Osteomalacia Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by a lack of bone mineral (resembles a disease that strikes children, called rickets) in adults, osteomalacia include chronic and skeletal deformities, there was not as severe as that affects children as in adults bone growth is complete. Etiology of Osteomalacia The cause is characterized by a state of vitamin D deficiency (calcitrol), where an increase in the absorption of calcium from the digestive system and the provision of bone mineral. provision of calcium and phosphate in the extra cellular fluid slowly. Without inadequate vitamin D, calcium and phosphate will not occur in the formation of calcium in the bones. Signs and Symptoms of Osteomalacia a. Bone pain. b. Deformity may arise on the back and pelvis, legs, ribs, and the presence of areas where there pseudofracture. c. Muscle weakness when serum calcium is very low, but may rarely occur. Pathophysiology of Osteomalacia The...

Ineffective Airway Clearance Ineffective airway clearance is a medical condition that refers to the inability to maintain clear airways or adequately remove respiratory secretions. It can be caused by various factors, including but not limited to: Respiratory Infections: Infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or influenza can lead to increased mucus production and difficulty clearing the airways. Chronic Respiratory Conditions: Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, or asthma can cause persistent inflammation and mucus buildup in the airways, leading to ineffective clearance. Neuromuscular Disorders: Conditions such as muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injuries, or strokes can affect the muscles involved in coughing and clearing the airways, leading to ineffective clearance. Obstructions: Physical obstructions in the airways, such as tumors, foreign objects, or swelling due to allergic reactions, can impede proper airflow and clearance of resp...

In infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome, where an inability to inflate the lungs and alvoeli open. Respiratory Distress Syndrome in infants who are not mature cause respiratory failure due to an immature chest wall, lung parenchyma, and an immature capillary endothelium that cause lung collapse at end expiration. In infants with respiratory distress syndrome caused by a decrease in the amount of surfactant or surfactant qualitative change, thus risking the inability to expand the alveoli. Ekstrathoracic change in pressure and decrease in air exchange. Naturally improvement started after 24-48 hours. Cells that are defective will be replaced. Hyaline membrane of the cell that contains necrotic debris caught in proteinaceous serum filtrate (filter serum proteins), in phagocytes by macrophages. Cuboidal cells put on the damaged alveolar epithelium and airway, then there is a development of new capillary cells in the alveoli. Synthetic surfactants start again and then help repa...