Nurses Books

Seizures is release of a group of neurons suddenly resulting in impaired consciousness, movement, sensation or memory besifat while. The term epilepsy is usually a chronic disorder that is incurred as a form of recurrent seizures (Hudak and Gallo, 1996). The mechanism of the occurrence of epileptic seizures are : The existence of focus that are hypersensitive (epilepsy focus) and the emergence of a state of partial depolarization in brain tissue. Increased membrane permeability. Increased senstitif to acetylcholine, L-glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric-acid) are inhibitive to the distribution of electrical activity in the nerve synapse. Epileptic focus can spread to other places with the loss of electrical charge so that the electric field changes and a decrease in excitatory threshold, which then caused massive electrical blast. When the focus is not spread to the surrounding or just spread until a certain distance or do not involve the whole brain, there will be a local e...

Diagnosis of Abscess Common findings of inflammation ; heat, redness, swelling, and pain, easily identify superficial abscesses. Abscesses in other places may produce only general symptoms such as fever and discomfort. Organ or system dysfunction, such as seizures or altered bowel function, can provide clues. The pain and tenderness on physical examination are common findings. Sometimes a deep abscess will eat a small channel (sinus) to the surface and begin leaking pus. A sterile abscess may cause only a painful lump deep in the buttock where the shot was given. Treatment of Abscess Because the skin is very resistant to the spread of infection, it acts as a barrier, often keeping the toxic chemicals of an abscess from escaping the body on their own. Thus, the pus must be drained from the abscess by a physician. Surgeon determines when the abscess is ready for drainage and opens the way to the outside, so that the pus to escape. Normally, the body handles the remaining infectio...

Definition of Abscess An abscess is a collection of sealed liquid tissue, known as pus, somewhere in the body. It is the result of the body's defense reaction against foreign bodies. Description of Abscess There are two types of abscesses, septic and sterile. Most abscesses are septic, which means that they are the result of infection. Septic abscesses can occur anywhere in the body. Only bacteria and the immune response is required. In response to bacteria, white blood cells gather at the infected site and begin producing chemicals called enzymes that attack bacteria by first mark and then digest it. This enzyme kills bacteria and destroy them into small pieces that can be run on the circulatory system before it gets removed from the body. Unfortunately, these chemicals also digest body tissues. In most cases, the bacteria produce similar chemicals. The result is a thick, yellow pus fluid containing the bacteria die, digested tissue, white blood cells, and enzymes. An abs...

Definition of Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by low thyroid hormone production. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly involve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cell processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body. Etiology Hypothyroidism is a very common condition. It is estimated that 3 % to 5 % of the population has some form of hypothyroidism. The condition is more common in women than in men and the events in question increases with age. Below is a list of some of the common causes of hypothyroidism in adults followed by a discussion of these conditions. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Lymphocytic thyroiditis (which may occur after hyperthyroidism). Thyroid Destruction (from radioactive iodine or surgery). Pituitary or hypothalamic disease. Drugs. Severe iodine deficiency. Symptoms of hypothyroidism ...

Nursing Care Plan for Hypothyroidism Nursing Diagnosis : Disturbed Sensory Perception (specify: visual) r/t the transmission of sensory impulses as a result of ophthalmopathy. Purpose : Patients did not experience a decrease in visual acuity worse and there is no trauma / injury to the eye. Intervention : 1. Instruct the patient when sleeping with head elevation position. R/ : To reduce trauma to the eye. 2. Wet the eye with sterile water. R/ : To provide comfort to the eye. 3. If the patient can not close their eyes tightly while sleeping , use a non- allergic plaster. R/ : Make it easy for the patient to sleep. 4. Give steroid medications as ordered. In severe cases, doctors usually prescribe medications such as steroids to reduce edema and diuretics. R/ : Reduce edema and fluid. Nursing Diagnosis : Decreased cardiac output r / t changes in stroke volume. Purpose : to remain cardiovascular function optimally characterized by blood pressure, and heart rhythm withi...

Nursing Care Plan for Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions characterized by damage to the optic nerve, often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to progressive vision loss and blindness if left untreated. It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. There are several types of glaucoma, but the most common ones include: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG): This is the most common form of glaucoma. In POAG, the drainage angle of the eye becomes less efficient over time, leading to a gradual increase in intraocular pressure and damage to the optic nerve. Angle-Closure Glaucoma: In angle-closure glaucoma, the drainage angle of the eye becomes blocked, resulting in a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. This is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent vision loss. Normal-Tension Glaucoma: In this type of glaucoma, optic nerve damage and visual field loss occur despite normal intraocular ...

Nursing Care Plan for Glaucoma Assessment for Glaucoma Assessment includes demographic data , among others : Age, primary glaucoma occurs in individuals older than 40 years. Jobs, especially those at risk of experiencing eye trauma. In addition it must be known before any eye problems or at the time, a history of the use of antihistamines (causes dilation of the pupil which can ultimately lead to Angle - Closure Glaucoma), a history of trauma (especially that of the eye), another disease that is suffered (DM, Arterioscierosis, High myopia). Psychosocial history includes the presence of anxiety is characterized by fast-talking, easy to change the topic, difficulty concentrating and sensitive, and mourning the loss of vision. Physical Examination 1. Neurosensory Visual disturbances (blurred / not clear), bright light can cause glare with a gradual loss of peripheral vision, difficulty focusing close work / feel in the dark room (cataracts), looks halos / rainbows around li...

Phobias are types of anxiety disorders characterized by persistent, irrational, and excessive fear of specific objects, situations, or activities. These fears can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning.  1. Specific phobias is a generic term for any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected person tends to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them. The fear can, in fact, be disabling to their daily lives. 2. Social phobia is the most common anxiety disorder. It is characterized by intense fear in one or more social situations, causing considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some parts of daily life. These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. 3. Acrophobia is an extreme or irrational fear of heights, especially...

Disturbed Thought Process Thought process The flow of ideas, symbols and associations directed by destination initiated by a problem or a task and leads to the conclusion that the fact -oriented ; if there is a logical sequence, to think is normal ; parapraxis (slipping from logical unconsciously motivated also called a pun according to Freud) are considered as part of normal thinking. Common disorder in the form or Thought Process : 1. Mental disorders : behavioral or psychological syndrome clinically significant, accompanied by pain or disability, not just a response is expected from a particular event or limited to the relationship between a person and society. 2. Psychosis : inability to distinguish reality from fantasy ; disruption in the ability to assess reality, by creating a new reality (as opposed to neurosis : a mental disorder in which the ability to judge a reality that is still intact, the behavior is not clear violation of social norms, as well as relatively lo...