NCP for Meningitis - Nursing Diagnosis : Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (Cerebral)

Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is a devastating disease and remains a major public health challenge. The disease can be caused by many different pathogens including bacteria, fungi or viruses, but the highest global burden is seen with bacterial meningitis. (www.who.int)

Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

Viral meningitis is the most common and least serious type. Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be very serious if not treated.

Several different viruses and bacteria can cause meningitis, including:

meningococcal bacteria – there are several different types, called A, B, C, W, X, Y and Z
pneumococcal bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria
enteroviruses – viruses that usually only cause a mild stomach infection
the mumps virus
the herpes simplex virus – a virus that usually causes cold sores or genital herpes

A number of meningitis vaccinations provide protection against many of the infections that can cause meningitis. (www.nhs.uk)

The symptoms of viral and bacterial meningitis can be similar in the beginning. However, bacterial meningitis symptoms are usually more severe. The symptoms also vary depending on your age.

Viral meningitis in infants may cause: decreased appetite, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, respiratory symptoms

In adults, viral meningitis may cause: headaches, fever, stiff neck, seizures, sensitivity to bright light, sleepiness, lethargy, nausea and vomiting, decreased appetite, altered mental state

Bacterial meningitis symptoms develop suddenly. They may include: altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, irritability, headache, fever, chills, stiff neck, purple areas of skin that resemble bruises, sleepiness, lethargy (www.healthline.com)

Nursing Diagnosis :

Ineffective tissue perfusion (Cerebral) related to circulation status

NOC

a. Circulation status

Expected outcomes:

Systolic and diastolic pressures within the expected range
No orthostatic hypertension
No signs of intracranial increase

b. Tissue perfusion: cerebral

Expected outcomes:

Maintain intracranial pressure
Blood pressure within normal range
No headache
No vomiting
Monitor level of consciousness

NIC

a. Oxygen Therapy

Examine the mouth, nose and tracheal secretions
Maintain a patent airway
Set oxygen equipment
Monitor oxygen flow
Maintain patient position

b. Intracranial Elevation Monitoring

Monitor cerebral perfusion pressure
Record the patient's response to stimulation
Monitor the patient's intracranial pressure and neurologic response to activity
Monitor fluid intake and output
Minimize stimulation from the environment
Collaboration in
administration of antibiotics.

c. Vital Sign Monitoring

Monitor BP, pulse, temperature, and respiratory rate
Monitor vital signs when the patient is lying, sitting, and standing
Auscultate BP in both arms and compare
Monitor BP, pulse, respiratory rate, before during and after activity
Monitor the quality of the pulse
Monitor abnormal breathing patterns
Monitor skin temperature, color, and moisture.

NCP for Rhinitis - 4 Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

Nursing Care Plan for for Rhinitis Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. (Dorland, 2002) Rhinitis is the term for inflammation of the mucosa. By their nature can be divided into two: Acute rhinitis (coryza, commond cold) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and sinuses accessories caused by a virus and bacteria. This disease may affect almost every person at a time and often occurs in the winter with the highest incidence in the early rainy season and spring. Chronic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes caused by recurrent infections, due to allergies, or as vasomotor rhinitis. 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to obstruction / presence of thickened secretions. Purpose: The airway effective after the secret was issued. Expected outcomes: Clients no longer breathe through the mouth. Airway back to normal, especially the nose. Intervention Assess the existing accumulation of secretions. Obser...

Imperforate Anus - 3 Nursing Diagnosis and Treatment

Imperforate anus of anorectal malformations (ARMs) is congenital defect in which the opening to the anus is missing or blocked. The cause of anorectal malformations is unknown, the genetic basis of these anomalies is very complex because of their anatomical variability, in an 8% of patients genetic factors are clearly associated with ARMs. Imperforate anus occurs in about one of every 5,000 newborns. It is somewhat more common in boys than girls. If the anus is missing, there is no outlet to release stool after birth. The intestine ends in a blind pouch, so your infant's stool, called meconium, remains in the intestine. Treatmentof Imperforate Anus Imperforate anus usually requires immediate surgery to open a passage for feces unless a fistula can be relied on until corrective surgery takes place. Depending on the severity of the imperforate, it is treated either with a perineal anoplasty or with a colostomy. The infant is allowed to develop for several months before mo...

Nursing Care Plan for Osteomalacia (Diagnosis and Interventions)

Definition of Osteomalacia Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by a lack of bone mineral (resembles a disease that strikes children, called rickets) in adults, osteomalacia include chronic and skeletal deformities, there was not as severe as that affects children as in adults bone growth is complete. Etiology of Osteomalacia The cause is characterized by a state of vitamin D deficiency (calcitrol), where an increase in the absorption of calcium from the digestive system and the provision of bone mineral. provision of calcium and phosphate in the extra cellular fluid slowly. Without inadequate vitamin D, calcium and phosphate will not occur in the formation of calcium in the bones. Signs and Symptoms of Osteomalacia a. Bone pain. b. Deformity may arise on the back and pelvis, legs, ribs, and the presence of areas where there pseudofracture. c. Muscle weakness when serum calcium is very low, but may rarely occur. Pathophysiology of Osteomalacia The...

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