Hallucinations - Predisposing and Precipitating Factors

According to Yosep (2009), risk factors causing hallucinations are divided into 2, namely:

1. Predisposing Factors

a. Developmental factors
The task of disrupted client development, for example, low control and family harmony causes the client to be unable to be independent since childhood, easily frustrated, lost confidence and more vulnerable to stress.

b. Sociocultural factors
Someone who feels unacceptable to their environment since a baby (unwanted child) will feel excluded, lonely, and distrustful of their environment.

c. Biochemical factors
Has an influence on the occurrence of mental disorders. Excessive stress experienced by a person in the body will produce a substance that can be hallucinogenic neurochemicals such as Buffofenon and Dimetytranferase (DMP). Due to prolonged stress causes the activation of brain neurotransmitters. For example there is an imbalance of acetylcholine and dopamine.

d. Psychological factors
Weak personality types and irresponsible easily fall into the abuse of addictive substances. This affects the client's inability to make the right decisions for his future. Clients prefer the momentary pleasure and run from the real world to the natural world.

e. Genetic factors and parenting
Research shows that healthy children who are cared for by schizophrenic parents tend to develop schizophrenia. The study results show that family factors show a very influential relationship on this disease.

2. Precipitating Factors

The client's response to hallucinations can be suspicious, fearful, insecure, anxious, and confused, self-destructive behavior, inattention, inability to make decisions and unable to distinguish between real and unreal circumstances.

According to Rawlins and Heacock (in Yosep, 2009) trying to solve the problem of hallucinations based on the nature of the existence of an individual as a creature that is built on the basis of bio-psycho-socio-spiritual elements so that hallucinations can be seen from five dimensions, namely:

a. Physical dimensions
Hallucinations can be caused by several physical conditions such as extreme fatigue, use of drugs, fever to delirium, alcohol intoxication and difficulty sleeping for a long time.

b. Emotional dimension
Excessive feelings of anxiety on the basis of insurmountable problems are the cause of hallucinations. The contents of hallucinations can be forcing and frightening. The client is no longer able to oppose the order until the condition the client does something about the fear.

c. Intellectual Dimensions
In this intellectual dimension explains that individuals with hallucinations will show a decrease in ego function. At first hallucination is an attempt by the ego itself to fight the impulse that is pressing, but it is a matter that raises awareness that can take all the attention of the client and will often control all client behavior.

d. Social dimension
Clients experience social interaction disruption in the initial phase and conforting, the client considers that life in a real socializing in the real danger. The client is absorbed in his hallucinations, as if he is a place to meet the needs for social interaction, self-control and self-esteem that are not found in the real world. The hallucination content is used as a control system by the individual, so that if the hallucinatory order is in the form of a threat, he or someone else tends to do so.

e. Spiritual dimension
Spiritually, the hallucinatory client starts with a void of life, meaningless routines, loss of worship activities and rarely tries spiritually to purify oneself. His circardian rhythm is disrupted, because he often sleeps late at night and wakes up very late. When he woke up feeling empty and unclear his life's purpose. He often cursed his destiny but was weak in his efforts to fetch fortune, blame the environment and others for causing his destiny to worsen.