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Definition, Related Factors, Signs and Symptoms of Nutritional Disorders


Nutrition is very important for humans because nutrition is a vital necessity for all living beings, consume nutrients that are bad for the body three times a day for decades will be the toxins that cause disease in the future.

In fulfillment of nutritional needs, there are systems that play a role in it, namely the digestive system consisting of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, digestive tract starts from the mouth to the distal part of the small intestine. While the accessory organs consisting of liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Nutrition is very beneficial for our body because if there are no nutrients / nutrient in our body, it can cause disease / affected by malnutrition, therefore we have to multiply nutrients.

Gastrointestinal is an abnormality or disease to the food / digestion. Gastrointestinal diseases, among others; diseases of the esophagus, stomach (gastric), small bowel (intestine), the large intestine (colon), liver, bile ducts (biliary tract), and pancreatic. (Sujono Hadi, 2002)


Definitions of Nutrition

The process of taking nutrients essential, in other words the nutrient is what humans ate and how the body use.

Purpose
  • Growth and development.
  • Maintain health and prevent disease.
  • Provides energy for the proper functioning of the organs of the body movement.
  • Maintain body temperature.
  • Providing basic materials for the replacement and repair of cells.

Related Factors
  1. Physiological
    • Nutrients Input
      • The ability to receive and process food
      • Knowledge
      • Impaired swallowing
      • The discomfort after eating
      • Anorexia
      • Nausea and vomiting
      • Intake of calories and excess fat
    • The ability to digest nutrients
      • Gastrointestinal obstruction
      • Malaborbsi nutrient
      • DM
    • Metabolism needs
      • Growth
      • Stress
      • Conditions that increase BMR (exercise, hipertyroid)
      • Cancer
  2. Lifestyle and habits
    Good eating habits need to be applied to toddler
  3. Culture and beliefs
  4. Economic resources
  5. Drug and nutrient interactions
  6. Gender

Most Common Disorders

1. Obesity


Obesity is a problem of weight gain of more than 20% of normal weight. Nutritional status is beyond the needs of metabolism due to excess calorie intake and reduction in the use of calories.

2. Malnutrition


Malnutrition is a problem related to lack of nutrients at the cellular level or can be said as a matter intake of nutrients that do not fit the needs of the body. The most common symptoms are low weight with sufficient food intake or intake of less than body requirements, their muscle weakness and decreased energy, pale skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, and others.

3. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of nutritional needs, which is characterized by impaired metabolism of carbohydrates due to lack of insulin or the use of excessive carbohydrates.

4. Nutritional deficiency


Nutritional deficiency is a condition experienced by a person in a state of fasting (normal) or the risk of weight loss due to insufficient nutrition for metabolic needs.
Clinical signs:
  • Weight 10-20% below normal.
  • Height below the ideal.
  • Triceps skin arm circumference of less than 60% of standard size.
  • Their weakness and tenderness in the muscles.
  • A decrease in serum albumin.
  • A decrease of transferrin.
Possible causes:
  • Increased caloric needs and difficulties in digesting the calories due to infectious diseases or cancer.
  • Dysphagia due to abnormalities of innervation.
  • A decrease in the absorption of nutrients due to Crohn's disease or lactose intolerance.
  • Decreased appetite.

5. Excessive Nutrients

Excessive Nutrients is a condition experienced by a person who has an increased risk of weight due to excessive intake of metabolic needs.
Clinical signs:
  • Weight more than 10% of ideal weight.
  • Obesity (more than 20% of ideal weight).
  • Triceps skin folds is more than 15mm in males and 25mm in females.
  • The existence of an excessive intake.
  • Decreased activity or watch.
Possible causes:
  • The decline in the diet.
  • Decreased function of taste and smell.

6. Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a sudden weight loss and prolonged, characterized by constipation, body swelling, abdominal pain, chills, lethargy, and excess energy.

Signs and symptoms
  • General appearance: weak, seem chronic or acute pain.
  • Hair: dull, dry, brittle, less pigments, easily removed, thin and rough.
  • Face: dark skin on the cheeks and under the eyes, skin bebecak, swollen face or cheeks sunken.
  • Eyes: eye membrane pale, dry.
  • Lips: swollen and rough, corner of the mouth lesions.
  • Tongue: looks soft, puffy red meat, sick, papil atrophy.
  • Dental caries, brownish, malposition.
  • Gums: spongy, bleed easily.
  • Glands: enlargement of the thyroid gland.
  • Skin: rough, dry patches, swelling, pale.


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