Bronchopneumonia - Data Analysis and Nursing Diagnosis

Bronchopneumonia, also known as lobular pneumonia, is a type of pneumonia characterized by inflammation and infection of the bronchioles (small airways) and surrounding lung tissue. It is typically caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms that infect the lower respiratory tract and spread to the smaller airways and alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. Bronchopneumonia often affects multiple areas or lobes of the lungs and can lead to symptoms ranging from mild to severe.
 

Causes:

• Bacterial Infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are common bacterial pathogens associated with bronchopneumonia.
• Viral Infections: Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and parainfluenza virus can cause viral bronchopneumonia.
• Fungal Infections: Fungal pathogens such as Candida species, Aspergillus species, and Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause fungal bronchopneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Symptoms:

• Cough: Persistent cough with or without sputum production is a common symptom of bronchopneumonia.
• Fever: Elevated body temperature, chills, and sweating are typical signs of infection.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or feeling breathless, especially with exertion.
• Chest Pain: Sharp or dull chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing.
• Fatigue: Generalized weakness, fatigue, and malaise are common symptoms of pneumonia.
• Respiratory Distress: Severe cases of bronchopneumonia may lead to respiratory distress, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the lips or nail beds), and altered mental status, particularly in older adults or individuals with underlying health conditions.

Analyzing bronchopneumonia data typically involves examining epidemiological patterns, risk factors, clinical presentations, treatment outcomes, and other relevant factors associated with the condition. Here's a general outline of how bronchopneumonia data analysis might be approached:

1. Data Collection: Gather data from relevant sources, including medical records, hospital databases, public health surveillance systems, and research studies. Collect information on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging results, treatment modalities, and outcomes.

2. Descriptive Analysis:

• Describe the demographic characteristics of patients with bronchopneumonia, including age, gender, ethnicity, and geographic location.
• Examine temporal trends in bronchopneumonia incidence, prevalence, and seasonal variations.
• Identify common risk factors associated with bronchopneumonia, such as comorbidities, immunosuppression, smoking status, and environmental exposures.

3. Clinical Characteristics:

• Analyze the clinical presentations of bronchopneumonia, including symptoms, signs, and severity of illness.
• Assess the distribution of causative pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles.
• Explore the patterns of radiological findings on chest imaging studies, such as chest X-rays or CT scans.

Nursing Diagnosis for Bronchopneumonia (Engram, 1998) :

1. Impaired Gas Exchange
related to : pneumonia factors
the defining characteristics :

• productive form settled,
• rapid breathing,
• shortness of breath,
• abnormal blood gas analysis,
• skin cyanosis or grayish.

2. Ineffective airway clearance
related to : increased production of sputum and weakness and edema formation,
the defining characteristics :

• abnormal breath sounds,
• dyspnea,
• cyanosis,
• effective or ineffective cough with sputum production,
• change frequency, and
• depth of breathing.

3. Acute pain : chest.

4. Risk for Fluid Volume Devicit,
the defining characteristics : poor skin turgor,
intake and output is unbalanced.

5. Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements
related to : decreased appetite,
the defining characteristics :

• clients say anorexia,
• weight loss, and
• complained weak.

6. Anxiety.

7. Activity intolerance.


While the Nursing Diagnoss according Suriadi and Rita in 2001 are :

1. Ineffective airway clearance
related to : increased secretions,
the defining characteristics :

• the presence of noisy breathing (rales or crackles),
• productive cough,
• sputum,
• dyspnea,
• change frequency, and
• breathing rhythm.

2. Ineffective breathing pattern
related to : bronchial obstruction,

• the defining characteristics : the use of respiratory muscles,
• irregular breathing,
• shortness of breath,
• dyspnea.

3. Impaired gas exchange
related to : increased secretion and accumulation of exudate,
the defining characteristics :

• restless,
• tachycardia,
• cyanosis.

4. Fluid Volume Deficit
related to fever, decreased intake and tachypnea,
the defining characteristics :

• not good skin turgor,
• Urine output is unbalanced, dry mucous membranes,
• decreased body weight,
• increase in body temperature,
• increased pulse rate,
• increased frequency of respiration,
• decrease in blood pressure.

5. Anxiety
related to : dyspnea and hospitalization,
the defining characteristics :

• less rest,
• vital signs are abnormal,
• restless,
• anxious.

6. Knowledge deficit
related to : the disease and the treatment at home,
the defining characteristics :

• verbal parents do not understand the process of treatment in children with bronchopneumonia.